The greek Archaic Alphabet. Cosmas Theodorides

The Greek Archaic Alphabet
Alphabetica II
The Vowel Harmonic in the Greek Archaic Alphabet

By Cosmas Theodorides, Ph.D. (Biol.) 401 General Army Hospital, Athens, Greece & Ariadne L. Hager-Theodorides, Ph.D. (Biol.) Imperial College, London, U.K.

Addressing issues of origin in archaic alphabetic writing
A multitude of questions and corresponding number of theories have been offered on the origin of our writing system, the alphabet. We have considered in detail the question of the systematic relationship of archaic alphabetic writing to other Mediterranean scripts in the context of Bronze age elsewhere [1]. Briefly, these results show that several ancient scripts namely Linear A, B and C (a term used for the Cypriotic syllabary [2]), Levantine Protolinear (related Levantine writing before 1050 BC), Phoenician abjad (after 1050 BC, the conventional date for delineation [3]) and Greek alphabet have related morphologies of corresponding symbols that produce a unique pattern of systematic relationships.

Remarkably, among the countless theories, often based on preconceptions of political ideology, ethnicity, religion or even ‘racial superiority’ [4], there has been little attention paid on the characteristics of the alphabet qua organomenon, that is, as an organized system. Following our analyses of systematic relationships, we revisit here elements of the internal structure of the system, with a particular focus on vowels, in order to address the issues of origin, whether the system was an invention and the context of its genesis.

The vowel harmonic
It is generally agreed that the 23-letter script (A to Y) of Crete and the Doric islands is the earliest alphabet in the Aegean (Fig. 1) http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/Vharm_1.jpg

 Structure of the 23-letter alphabet of Crete and the Doric islands. Several letter variants existed in local alphabets, deriving mostly from Linear B symbols. Only major allelomorphs are presented here. Vowels are noted below consonants; they are separated by arithmetically increasing numbers of the latter. Note that several letters were subsequently added at the end of the sequence in other local alphabets.

and indeed earliest full alphabet encoding both vowels and consonants [2, 5, 6]. Focusing on the internal structure of that script rather than the later Ionic alphabet that has become the basis for the more commonly known Greek alphabetic writing, it immediately becomes apparent that there are five vowels, A, E, I, O and Y, separated by arithmetically increasing intervals of consonants (3, 4, 5 and 6).This simple distribution creates a harmonic that might have served as a mnemonic device in the early days of transition between the syllabaries and the alphabet. Since we are treating the issue of the origin of the alphabet and its systematic relations to other scripts elsewhere, we will limit this communication to notes on the vowel harmonic consisting of these five symbols.

Aegean origin of vowel encoding: morphology and meaningful sequence
Basic structural elements of the early alphabet provide several clues which could help elucidate the issues of origin, place, time of the invention of the alphabet etc. As discussed separately [1], the five vowels of the Linear C rather than those of Linear B are used in the early alphabet arranged in a sequence that would have been perfectly meaningful (AEI OY) at least to the speakers of the dialects written in Linear B and C. On the other hand, much of the structure of the alphabet is closely related to one of the Ugaritic cuneiform scripts. The combination of these, along with other evidence, point to the direction of an Eastern Mediterranean origin resulting from a major interaction between cultures [1]. Apart from the results of systematic analysis of morphology discussed elsewhere, it makes perfect sense that the vowels would have been a contribution of the Aegean writing systems: Aegean and Cypriot syllabaries that have been deciphered (Linear B and Linear C) encode vowels, unlike most other scripts of the Bronze Age.

In Fig. 2 http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/vharm_2.jpg

Symbol forms in the lineages resulting to our vowels A, E, I, O and Y and their inscription of origin [1]. For values of respective symbols in deciphered scripts see text. The Linear C symbol [O] is too derived and shows little similarity to the remainder scripts. Two different major allelomorphs existed for I, already in archaic alphabets, related to Linear syllabogram [Io] (which appears to be the most archaic) and [I]. The latter, straight-lined I, survived to this day in alphabets, the former in abjads. Note that relations to the undeciphered Vinca semiotic system are conjectural since even its grammatological status remains controversial. Symbols belonging to that system and Linear A are included following suggestions by other scholars (see text).

we reproduce part of the corresponding outlines of related symbol morphologies from [1]. Attention is drawn to the fact that there is no generally accepted decipherment of the Vinca or Linear A and hence correspondences are not based on homology but follow studies and suggestions by other scholars [7-10]. Further connections of the Linear syllabaries to the Vinca semiotic system have been proposed [8, 10]but can neither be confirmed nor denied on the basis of current evidence and the lack of a convincing decipherment. For the remainder five scripts, Linear B, Linear C, Levantine Protolinear, Phoenician and archaic alphabets, homologies are easy to find or (in the case of the Levantine scripts where vowels are not noted) deduce (Fig. 2).

The alphabet as an invention: the ‘signature’ in the nested order of vowel values
Morphology may be criticized, at least to a certain degree, as subjective; similarly the meaning of the vowel harmonic could be criticized as coincidental. There are other elements of the harmonic however that can be independently verified; one is the arithmetic distribution discussed above. Another is provided by the phonetic value of the related syllabograms and their relation to values and names of the classical alphabetic symbols. The vowel harmonic shapes are:

A   E   I   O   Y                             (i)

While the related syllabograms are

AB38, B43, B36, AB61, AB10            (ii)

Respectively (numbers refer to Linear B and A related symbols). For the benefit of simplicity we will accept here B36, (Ventris value [Jo] or [Io] [7, 9]) as more archaic in alphabetic writing than the straight-lined I (Ventris value [I]), while in archaic alphabets both forms were present and indeed the latter survived to this day (for full discussion see [1]). The Ventris phonetic values of the related Linear B symbols (Fig. 2) are:

E Ai Jo O U                                 (iii)

where the modern letter u expresses for simplicity a sound close to French /u/ and german /y/, which was encoded by archaic Y; the shapes Y and õ have been equivalent in Greek alphabetic writing. At first sight, there is a striking reversal of values compared to our own for the first two. However, this reversal is already present in Linear C where the related symbols have the values:

A E Jo O U                                    (iv)

Let us now compare the classical names of the vowel harmonic:

Alpha, Ei, Iota, Ou, U                        (v)

Isolating the suffixes (v) becomes:

A-lpha, Ei, Io-ta, Ou, U                      (vi)

Two things are immediately noteworthy in (vi). First, there is a remarkable conservation of the related syllabogram value as accepted today and presented in (iii) and (iv) in the surviving classical letter names. Second, the latter half of the corresponding syllabogram value consists of the first half of the next member of the harmonic for the four latter members, even if we accept the currently used decipherments as a guide. There can be little doubt that this order could not have been the result of randomness but was the conscious result of invention by someone who was familiar with the syllabic values of the Linear syllabary symbols.

What were the values of AB38 and B43?
If only the order of values was reversed in AB38 and B43, the correspondence of series (iii) and (iv) would have been perfect and the relationship between syllabaries and the alphabet established long ago. Sad though it may sound, history does not always progress in perfection. In fact it is tempting to theorise on the possible perception of the symbol values on the ears of the inventor based on the problems posed by the reversal in value of the two symbols between (iii) and (iv) and indeed the present phonetic system in Greek and most other alphabetic languages.

Let us first address the issue of the second syllbogram B43. This has the Ventris Linear B value [Ai] but its related Linear C morph has the unambiguous value [E]. That transition AI>E, in fact is a well known phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in different contexts, not least in Greek dialect and modern state Greek, were what is written as –AI is pronounced as /å/, exactly the same as the value of symbol Å. Now, the story becomes far simpler if one supposes that the pronunciation of B43 has been in fact closer to how the very combination AI is pronounced, for example, in the context of today’s English (/å:é/). This would fit with the interchange- ability of the symbol for respective sounds in Linear B and C (see series (iii) and (iv)) and the classical Greek name for the symbol (Ei). Hence we may suppose with some confidence that for the inventor(s) and first users the value of the symbol used as a form source for E was:

Value{E}~ Ei   (vii)

Which leads to the question: what was the value of AB38, with current Ventris value [E] in the time of the alphabet invention? If contemporary Greek dialects (rather than the homogenised southern, official Greek) or modern languages in general are any guide the answer can only be: it probably varied. Bivalence or even polyvalence of symbol phonetic value, with a single letter representing different sounds in different contexts is, of course, well known. In a remarkable coincidence of inversal of values, the very name of the symbol A in English is /å:i/, (that is, what a Greek would write as E:I), although its value in the word cat is what a Greek would understand as /á/ and write as A.

This interchangeability of a and e is neither new nor exclusively contemporary. For example, Attic Greek wrote THN (equivalent of TEEN) and Doric TAN. So the problem could find an easy solution if the dialect of the inventor (or the one he was familiar with, if they were not a native speaker) wrote the symbol A for both *e makron and *a makron (both cases occur independently in later local Greek alphabets) or if he was aware of the two values [E] and [A] in Linear B and C and thought the two sounds close enough to be represented by the same symbol. On the other hand a slightly different hypothesis on the value of Linear symbol AB38 may provide a more parsimonious explanation.

A “long” value for AB38 and/or its ancestor: a hypothesis
As we have seen, the symbols related to A in Linear syllabaries have values [E] and [A]. Based on what is currently accepted, Linear syllabaries did not note length of vowels, while the exact phonetic values are, naturally, for the most part irretrievable. A further hypothesis can be posited based on the fact that what is written as A in classical time Doric presumably represents dialectal a makron but also the corresponding in other dialects e makron (sometimes written as a double vowel –EE in later Greek). These are descendants of the same ancestral phoneme developing differently in different dialects.

It seems plausible to suggest that that sound may have been an intermediate double vowel closer to [Ae]. Several other linguistic elements, like the name for the sun (helios, but also haelios, aelios, elios or even alios[11]) indicate that an -ae sound has remained in use in the Aegean till quite late in the classical years. Hence, it seems reasonable that a symbol for that sound may have existed at some earlier stage. Since it is clear that A-related symbols in Fig. 2, Linear AB38 (current Ventris LB value [E]) and Linear C (current value [A]) are morphologically close, it is plausible to suggest that a symbol with value [Ae] would be included in this lineage, with general morphology of two lines posited in angle, crossed by a third line (variants of A).

If this was the value of the source symbol for A on the ears of the inventor or even if he recognized a bivalence for the symbol encoding both [A] and [E], as is indeed the case for symbols belonging to this lineage in Linear B and C then it is not irrational to assume that:

Value{A}~Ae (viii)

Now, if these relations, (values for the first member of the harmonic: [Ae] and second: [Ei]) were the case for the script that was the source of symbol form for the alphabet, or if it was the case in the ears of the inventor - at least at the time, place and scribal context of the invention a further interesting, and truly elegant, relation emerges. By replacing (vii) and (viii) in (i) along with the known values/names for the other syllabograms, the phonetic value order of (i) would be:

Ae Ei Io Ou U (ix)

It is not just that such a series as (ix) is a most elegant nested harmonic, with the latter part of each value perfectly representing the beginning of the value of the next symbol in its syllabic context. If elegance were a secondary concern of the inventor the practicality of such an arrangement can hardly be overestimated: such a phonetic value sequence would make a lot of sense.

Imagine that the inventor, the mythical Palamedes, faces the problem: how do I teach scribes familiar with Linear B and/or C the use of one symbol for one sound that is so much more efficient in the cuneiform (presumably the Ugaritic)? This harmonic on one hand includes and fixes all the five vowel sounds of the Eastern Greek syllabic system (at least as preserved in the Cypriotic Linear C; in bold capitals in (ix)) values that can re-create all vowel sounds in Greek; on the other it combines them with presumed Aegean/ Western Greek (close to Linear B derived system current at the time at any rate) values of the respective symbols.

This provides an easy to memorise nested order based on the syllabogram phonetic values making the new system compatible and easy to adopt by all Greek-writing scribes, whether they wrote in Linear B or Linear C. The mnemonic device would have probably quickly died out once the alphabet was broadly adopted and Linear syllabaries became extinct, since there was little need for it; but some of its elements survived as a fossil in the names of the symbols, in some cases to this day. It is worth noting that the exact value of AB38 does not affect the remainder of the vowel harmonic which exhibits nested values anyway.

Epilogue
It is interesting that so many theories on the origin of the alphabet have been offered based on preconceptions of ideological, religious or even ethnic nature and so little attention has been paid to the organization of the system itself. A view of the alphabet qua organomenon shows that much of these preconceptions and monogenic theories in general are misplaced. The alphabet appears to have been a complex invention emerging from cultural interaction and plexis. Based on present evidence, there seems to be little doubt that the vowels were an Aegean contribution (for a debate on other contributions see [1])..

Many questions still remain on the origin of our writing system that merit further investigation. Whatever the ultimate answers might be, it seems clear that it was an invention that took place in a particular historical and geographical context and that many of the currently held beliefs on the issue and the history of late Bronze Age need revisiting.

Citations
1. Theodorides, K., J.T. Dessens, and A.L. Hager-Theodorides, On change and form: Systematics and the Origin of the Alphabet. In Press, 2005.
2. Fischer, S.R., A History of Writing. Globalities. 2001, London: Reaktion books.
3. Naveh, J., Early History of the Alphabet. 1982, Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, Hebrew University.
4. Drucker, J., Alphabetic Labyrinth: The Letters in History and Imagination. 1999: Thames & Hudson.
5. Jeffery, L.H., The local Scripts of Archaic Greece., ed. A.W. Johnston. 1990, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6. Daniels, P.T. and W. Bright, eds. The world's Writing Systems. 1996, Oxford University Press: New York and Oxford.
7. Ventris, M. and J. Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek, ed. J. Chadwick. 1973, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Gimbutas, M., Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1973. 1: 1-20.
9. Hooker, J.T., Linear B: An Introduction. 1980, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
10. Haarmann, H., The Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1990. 17: 251-275.
11. Liddell, H.G. & R. Scott et al., A Greek-English Lexicon. 1996, Oxford: Clarendon Press.


*Ariadne L. Hager-Theodorides current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
Cosmas Theodorides current address: A.S.Y.E., 401 General Army Hospital, Mesogeion & Kanelopoulou Str, 115 25, Athens, Greece

old post Dacia F./ Sius=Zeus?; Deivos:"zeii"="a cerului"? Tablita Tartaria,cadr.2

Sius=Zeus?; Deivos:"zeii"="a cerului"?Tablita Tartaria,cadr.2                                                                                        THIS TOPIC IS SUBJECT TO CONTINUOS CHANGING! (under construction)                                                                                                            

Din Carolus Lundius www.dacia.org/lundius/clundius-eng.html <<Yet I do not doubt, there are certain people to consider what I have done less than correct, due to the fact that speaking about the beginning of laws with the Getae, I am referring in the first place to SAMOLSE (as this being the proper spelling of his name); they strongly believing that our erudite people would have inspired from the Greek letters, but the Getic letters, already invented and used then, the Greeks did not take from us, according to our ancient history and our wise men skilled in old writers’ literature, by such kind of persons, they wouldn’t be deemed as such; we would not give a dime for such persons, and the judgement of the posterity would condemn them - and they deserve to be condemned unanimously; this, because about SAMOLSE’s style (thus, THE GETIC WRITING PRE-EXISTED THE GREEK ONE ) we have in evidence the authority of certain ancient historians writing down everything in every clearness. >>

Imagine: http://www.gk.ro/sarmizegetusa/inedite/tartaria_02.jpg 

Cadr 2 (situat in sfertul dreapta-sus),semne:                                                                                                      

++++ = S S? ZZ?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              (DDOC?) sau D b o c                                                                                              

Citiri posibile:su,sos,seus,suis,.. (tu,al tău propriu...seus=ZEUS)

SITUAŢIA 1 :semnele "D" sînt litere" D"        (De DeOS/De DiOS?); Di Vos;deibos,deivos   (DEIVOS=ceresc,divin ;de deos :"de la un zeu")

Din Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method - Google Books Result by Anthony Fox - http://books.google.ro/books?isbn=0198700016... <<... 'god' can be derived — via older Latin deos — from Proto-Indo-European ...>>                                              

Din Torsten Meissner, s-stem nouns and adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European. A diachronic study in word formation.   Oxford:   Reviewed by Daniel Kölligan, Centre for Linguistics & Philology, University of Oxford http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2007/2007-02-05.html                                                                                                                   <<The analysis of deverbal s-stem nouns is less fruitful as was the research done on this question before M. Thus, there is no obvious difference in meaning between DEOS and deima both 'fear' or esthos and heima both 'garment'.>>                                                                                                                                                                                        Foarte interesant că pe de o parte,DE DEOS înseamnă atît "de la zeu" ,cît şi "din groază,îngrozire" "de la cel îngrozitor",iar pe de altă parte horrere înseamnă tot în latină "a îngrozi".Deasemenea vechea denumire a ţinutului locuit de greci/pelasgi este haimos....aici fac apropierea cu Karpatos,şi zic că ambele înseamnă "podoabă"!

Din http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_(emotion) <<The Latin horrere is the root of words such as "horrific" or "horror"; it means "to stand on end" and refers to the standing hairs of goose bumps, otherwise known as 'horripilation' >>

Din Goosebump like skin all the time!? Help? - tanTALK16 May 2005 ... The word "horrible" also came from the Latin "horrere" and referred to something that was so awfully dreadfully frightful that it made your ... www.tantalk.com/skin-care/2346565-goosebump-like-skin-all-time-help.html

Din Monthly Gleanings : OUPblog from Latin horrere “stand on end (said about hair); tremble, shudder.” “Having one’s hair on end” meant “frightened.” If this etymology deserves credence, ... http://blog.oup.com/2006/04/monthly_gleanin8/

 Din http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2007/2007-02-05.html <<Aspects of the language of Latin Prose http://books.google.ro/books?id=N9o-jJJqOSIC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=latin+divos&source=web&ots=szN9SSyn6l&sig=bR-uOA6DR6dsviXNRbV5nrQTUQI&hl=en#PPA149,M1                                                                                                                   <<Page 141 

Forms of this pronoun (in most instances masculine or feminine accusative, sam sum sos sas) are well attested in the Twelve Tables and in Ennius,69 though ...                                                                                                                                                    Page 149 
Sos is an old conjecture, but limited though our knowledge of the so- pronoun in Latin may be, it seems unlikely that it could be used in this way as an equivalent of the Greek definite article, any more than the other Latin demonstratives could (*// praesentes for 'those present' is, of course, bad Latin)....>>                                   

Din A grammar of the latin language http://books.google.ro/books?id=vosAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=sub+divo&source=web&ots=dJPjbAWP31&sig=bP_P0KRewAi24RnclZpevnRUCL0&hl=en#PPA243,M1                                                                                                                                                 <<Page 242 
Sub, with the ablative, is always " under;" first, with regard to things that strike our senses; anil, secondly, to denote inferiority in rank : sub divo,or sub dio,under the sky,under the open air;… ...>> 

Din JSTOR: The European Sky-God. III: The Italians http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-587X%2819050929%2916%3A3%3C260%3ATESITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage

Din Greek and Mideastern-European Languages - KOINONIA Greek Forum www.ellopos.net/elpenor/koinonia/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=124

<< Likewise the Latin DIVUS originally means High [or sky-summit]; "sub divo" = "under the sky. ... Zeus, Apollon, and others are gods, namely theoi in Greek. ...>>

Din Littell's Living Age/Volume 143/Issue 1845/The Supreme God in the ... http:// en.wikisource.org/.../Volume_143/Issue_1845/The_Supreme_God_in_the_Indo-European_Mythology

Lastly, the very name of Zeus (genitive Dios, formerly Divos) is, ... sub Jove signifies "under the heavens;" the bunter awaits the Marsian boar, ...>>

Din Latin Language. Phrases, Sayings etc. - Discite iustitiam moniti ... www.inrebus.com/index.php?entry=entry071111-064525

<< Discite iustitiam moniti et non temnere DIVOS! - Having been warned, study justice and learn not to despise THE GODS! This line appears over the entrance to ...>>

Din MySpace.com - Shida-bida - 31 - Female - Brooklyn, NEW YORK - www ... http:// profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=211329

<< I AM: A DIVA (taken from the latin word "divos" meaning "goddess" or "divine being") Ummm....hmmm, I don't know, you tell me if I missed something. ...>>

Din Glossary of latin terms http://www.bible-history.com/latin/latin_d.html                                                                                                                                                <<dido didere dididi diditum, to divide, distribute, spread round.                                                                                                                                                                                           dius -a -um, divine, god-like; hence fine, noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air.                                                                                                                                                                                                 divus -a -um: as adj., divine or deified; as subst., m. a god and f. a goddess (often as epithet of dead and deified emperors); 'sub divo'(neuter), in the open air.>>                                                                                                                                                 Din Converted WP file 1viera www.ibiblio.org/sergei/Zaroff/                                                                                        <<The name of a common proto-Indo-European sky deity derives from a word "deivos" - heavenly, and who was known in a form "Dyaus". ...>>

Din Mars Hill Symposium » The Celts http:// mhsymp.com/?p=101

<<These progenitors of the Indo-European people that are the descendants the Celts grew ..... “The true derivation is from dagos, ‘good’, and deivos, ‘god’… ...>>

Din Marvel's Tyr [Archive] - Jinxworld Forums www.606studios.com/bendisboard/archive

<<1) His name goes back to an Indo-European root meaning, first "heavenly ... hero), and such names as Dyaus, Sius, Zeus, Deivos, Dagda, and Jupiter. ...>>

Din CHAPTER IV www.crvp.org/book/series04/iva-17/chapter_iv.htm

<<Earlier Dievas or Deivas simply denoted the shining dome of the sky, cf. ancient Indian deva ‘god’ and dyazts ‘sky’, Latin deus and dies, originating from ...>>

Din Latin translation http://en.allexperts.com/q/Latin-2145/latin-translation-12.htm                                                          <<As for your question [would " A GOD " be as " a deus " or " caelestis "?], I must tell you that ‘a deus' is wrong because the indefinite article, as well as the definite one,  does not exist in Latin where we use the plural (DEOS in the accusative, in this context) to indicate ‘A GOD'.>>

Situaţia Nr.2 Semnele "D" reprezintă literele "R"Citiri posibile:           

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

araroo,araros,aroros,arouros:"pământ,pământesc,arătură,arat"?aro-ros:"plugar-ţară" roros/etr.(ca şi latinul"ruros") :"DE LA ŢARĂ,RURAL" (cadr.3,:hora/horae:"timp/anotimpuri").

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Nota. Acelaşi roros,(împreună cu "ro")/etr. înseamnă şi,ambele:"rouă,(umezeală?)"

Din Etruscan_Phrases by Mel Copeland
Table 1, Section 1C.1: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1C.1.html                                                                                                                                                    <<Lat:roro-are, to drop dew, drip, be moist;R O S, roris [m] Engl:dew,moisture     Etr.:ro, ru (rv),  ror, rur (rvr) ;roras, ruras (rvras)     Lat.:RURO-are, to live in the country   Engl.:rural?      Etr.:  ror, roras, ROROS, rurus (rvrvs)                                                   Lat.:rus, ruris, the country, farm,estate;  Engl.country   Etr.:R O S, rus (rvs) ;rusa (rfsa)  but probably resa >>

Din Arcadocypriot Greek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadocypriot                            << Arcadocypriot or southern Achaean is one of the Ancient Greek dialects , which .... with straws' σωρὸς σίτου σὺν ἀχύροις (Homeric,Ionic ἄρουρα aroura earth) ...>>                      

Din DODONA: Human Biodiversity Discussion Forum - Your short comments ... http://dodona.proboards35.com/index.cgi?board=philosophy&action=display&thread=1076293592&page=2 <<The latinlanguage related to the Greek language. ... Aryan is used by the Ancient Greeks to describe their selves as indigenous,by the "Aroura"=EARTHLY. ...>>

 Din http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9903&L=indo-european&D=1&F=P&P=23024

<<aro "hoop" s. XIII ARRABAL [suburb], [c] port. 1258. occ. 883 < ¿pre-rom IE *AROS "rueda, CIRCULO? [c]                                                                                                                                                                                                             -arra, -ARRO, arda-, ardo- pre-Roman suffix [rl, wje] "Western Mediterranean" also found in Sardinian also in Sicilian geonyms Ukkara, Indara, Aipára, perhaps in Latin words such as acerra "INCENSE BOX," subarra & vacerra "post, log." [lrp]                                                                                                                                                                                            ARROYO "STREAM" 775 < arrugia pre-rom "galería de mina donde circula agua" [c, rl] < rôgia, rûgia [wje] see Fr. ruisseau "stream" [wje] Friulan roie "stream" [wje] Piedmontese roia [wje] Italian rugia "watercourse" < "Alpine," Ligurian or Rhaetic [bm] >>hoop:"cerc,obadă"                                                                   

Cadranul 3;semne: "H","D"(sau:"H","P"?) >>litere:"H","R"

                                    

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

(hor?)HORA/HORAE: " T I M P , A N O T  I M P U R I "                                                                                                              

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   

HAR:"FARMEC,dar,bucurie"  ? Hera:"doamna";"PROTECTOARE"?

Din View as HTMLHERA. (Roman equivalent Juno). Meaning LADY and PROTECTRESS. www.articleserver.info/MYTH28/Gods/Hera/HeraBuckhartMcCon.pdf                                              <<Another etimology is the connection to “hora” meaning season, and can be interpreted as “ripe for marriage”>> "doamnă";"PROTECTOARE";"coaptă pentru căsătorie" Notă.Cum se face,cum nu se face,cercetătorul italian Marco Merlini,/care a scris cartea "scrisul este născut în Europa?",şi care susţine că foarte multe din înşiruirile de smne de pe artefactele neolitice ale culturilor Vinca şi altele,reprezintă de fapt scris.(atenţie! Scrisul în general, cuprinde o arie mai largă decît scrisul alfabetic!)/ poate printr-o inspiraţie fenomenală (de fapt este mult mai multă muncă,a se vedea reluarea cercetărilor de către dînsul privind tot ceea ce ţine de Tăbliţa de la Tărtăria),a denumit femeia a cărui schelet a fost găsit lîngă plăcuţă "Mylady of Tărtăria" (Domnişoara de la Tărtăria")

A se vedea: porocilo XXXII.qxd  New arcaeological data refering to Tartaria tablets Gh. Lazarovici and Marco Merlini http://arheologija.ff.uni-lj.si/documenta/pdf32/32lazarovici1.pdf

Din Earl Palmer "The Search For Joy" http://www.csec.org/csec/sermon/palmer_3828.htm                                                                   

<<The word in Greek, chara, is the root word for another great word in the New Testament that the apostle Paul uses and as one of his love vocabulary words, charis, or as translated into English, grace. The word probably really means SURPRISE GIFT.>>chara:”plăcere,bucurie","DAR-surpriză" ?

------------------------------------------

? cadr.2 Chora:"ţară" cadr. 2 :sus/suis/suus roros :"al tău de la ţară"

Din Speaking in tongues http://www.piney.com/TonguesDialects.html

<<chrêstêrios [chraô3] of or from an oracle, oracular, prophetic, Aesch., Eur.; Apollon chrêstêrie author of oracles, Hdt.                                                         chrauô to S C R A P E, graze, wound slightly, hon rha te poimên chrausêi Il.; cf. enchrauô, epichraô. >>

Din Chresmomancy http://www.webspinning.com.au/home/lambertj/public_html/c.man.html              <<Defined by Gibson as "divination from the utterances of a person in a frenzy".

Greek chresmos an oracular pronouncement, a prophecy. Itself a derivative of the Greek CHRAO  TO PRONOUNCE,TO PROCLAIM,TO GIVE A NEEDFUL ANSWER, stemming from a basic meaning "TO FURNISH WHAT IS NEEDFUL". The given definition is referring to the fact that ancient Greek oracles used to go into a state of divine frenzy in order to gain information from the gods so that they might make an oracular statement. A better definition would seem to be "oracular divination".>>

Din http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/STRGRK55.htm                                                                                              << chra chera khay'-rah feminine of a presumed derivative apparently from the base of casma - chasma 5490 through the idea of deficiency; A WIDOW (as lacking a husband), literally or figuratively:--W I D O W.                                                                                                                                                                              craw chrao  khrah'-o  probably the same as the base of craomai - chraomai 5530; to loan:--lend.                                                                                                                                                                               creia chreia   khri'-ah  from the base of craomai - chraomai 5530 or crh - chre 5534; employment, i.e. an affair; also (by implication) occasion, D E M A N D, requirement or destitution:--business, lack, necessary(-ity), need(-ful), use, WANT. >>

  chrauô:"A ZGÎRIA=(A SCRIE)"!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ATENÞIE ,! : ÎN ACELAŞI TIMP CU A FI O "ARĂTARE" A TIMPULUI,

este un SCRIS,>>>>chrau=chrauô :A ZGÎRIA(SCRIS?)

care exprimă o DORINŢĂ >>>>>HREIA     :  CERERE,DORINŢĂ

·  Tăbliţele de la Tărtăria De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă Tăbliţele de la Tărtăria Cuprins 1 Date generale 2 Critică 2.1 Condiţiile descoperirii 2.2 Datarea pieselor 2.3 Neconcordanţe în înregistrarea şi prezentarea datelor 2.4 Majoritatea semnelor de pe Tăbliţa rotundă (Tăbliţa-Soare) se regăsesc în alfabete folosite mult mai tîrziu (cca.1000-500Î.E.N.) 3 Legături externe 4 Bibliografie http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83bli%C5%A3ele_de_la_T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria  Majoritatea semnelor de pe Tăbliţa rotundă (Tăbliţa-Soare) se regăsesc în alfabete folosite mult mai tîrziu (cca.1000-500Î.E.N.) http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83bli%C5%A3ele_de_la_T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria#Majoritatea_semnelor_de_pe_T.C4.83bli.C5.A3a_rotund.C4.83_.28T.C4.83bli.C5.A3a-Soare.29_se_reg.C4.83sesc_.C3.AEn_alfabete_folosite_mult_mai_t.C3.AErziu_.28cca.1000-500.C3.8E.E.N..29 <<Majoritatea semnelor se regăsesc în alfabete folosite în principal în zona Mediteraneeană (Fenicia,Grecia,Etruria).Spre exemplu: -Cadranul 1 situat în sfertul din dreapta jos.Conţine două grupări de semne aşezate pe verticală.Grupul din stînga conţine spre exemplu, aşezate pe verticală,de sus în jossemnele:E,V,C.Grupul situat în dreapta lui,este compus similar din semnele:C/S?; L/G??; triunghi(A/D?). De aceea aspectul global este derutant şi a reuţit să păcălească o sumedenie de privitori,pentru că îndreaptă privitorul să zicem cu permisiunea Dvs. "neavizat" spre o imagine complexă gen "ideogramă" (chinezească sau nu) !. -Cadranul 2,aflat în sfertul situat în dreapta-sus,este compus din semnul +++++,care ar putea fi spre exemplu vechiul semn egiptean şi sumerian totodată "Se",deci în principiu un semn "de tip S" (S/Se/Su?),dar poate fi interpretat şi ca două semne "Z" alăturate.Semn "Z" (format din două linii orizontale suprapuse intersectate cu o alta verticală,pe mijlocul primelor două,cumva apropiat de Z-ul actual) Apoi sub el avem gruparea lineară de semne: "D D o c" sau "D D o o". -Cadranul 3 situat în sfertul din stînga-sus,conţine semnele H (sub forma arhaică) şi semnul P/D?Acest din urmă semn poate fi interpretat ca un "R" (în cel mai rău caz "D") -Cadranul nr.4 din sfertul situat în stînga-jos,conţine semnele:arc cu săgeată care arputea fi un "Q" sub forma arhaică(prezent sub această formă în unele alfabete),apoi vechiul semn "Z" (compus cum am spus înainte din două linii paralele tăiate de o linie perpendicular pe cele două,dar semnele fiind evident rotite cu 90 de grade),şi în fine două semne ">>",care ar pute fi de exemplu "CC" sau "GG",sau simplu C/G?,(dublarea indicînd sfîrşitul textlui) ·  Nimeni nu ar putea spune cu exactitate în ce ordine trebuie parcurse cadranele,dar se pare că marea majoritate a celor care şi-au exprimat o opinie,înclină spre o succesiune a lor în sens anteorar (începînd cu cadr. 1 situat în dreapta-jos a tăbliţei).Deasemenea nimeni nu poate spune nici daca informaţia conţinută în jumătatea de sus poate avea o autonomie şi un sens propriu.La fel în cazul sferurilor care realizează jumătatea de jos. Se pare totuşi că jumătatea de sus conţine lucruri cu un caracter "secret" care nu se doreau a fi văzute de oricine,şi e foarte posibil ca semnele de pe jumătatea superioară să fi ascunse,respectiv jumătatea să fi fost acoperită fizic de o altă plăcuţă (cea de formă dreptunghiulară).Oricum,se pare că plăcuţa văzută ca un întreg, conţine informaţie şi deci transmite un mesaj.>> -------------------------------- Postat de mine pe wikipedia: TĂRTĂRIA TABLETS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria_tablets New insights on the signs <<The tablets cover a large time-span.As a result,the type of the signs are comprised between pictografic type,or pure iconic (as in the above squarred ones) and to true letters (as in that round one). Many signs present on the round tablet are found in phoenician,greek and etruscan alfabets as true letters.What is tricking the wiewer is the arrangement of the signs in vertical columns in the quarter dsituated on the right-downward side (No.1),the presence of the +++++ sign in the quarter situated in the up-right part (No.2),the ladder shape of the left sign situated in the up-left quarter (No.3),and finaly in the quarter situated in the left-downward side (No.4),the bow with arrow shape of one sign,couppled with the triangular disposition of all three signs. Overall impresion of the wiewer is twisted to a presence of iconic-tipe of signs over entire tablet,wich in reality is not true. In fact all signs are found as archaic form of letters in old greek and etruscan alphabets. The signs present on the tablet are: Q1.In the left column:E,V,C ;on the right column Ş/S?,L/G?,A/D? Q2. Ancient sumerian and egyptian sign "Se" (or "S"/Csi?),as +++++ (or two rotated "Z/(S?)" Q3.Arhaic "H" and "P/D?" sign. Q4.Bow and arrow sign "C+" in the left,used as "Q" in some alphabets,old "Z" sign downward,and twoo ">>"on the right side. The presence of these signs in greek and etruscan alphabets have the result of a possible much younger age of the tablet and writing (max.1500B.C.),but to be realistic,some time around 1000-500 B.C. Another result is the fact that the tablet is containing an true alphabetic type of writing.>> ---------------------------------------                                             S                                                                                                                                                           HR                               D  D o s de dios (lat.):"de la zei/dumnezei"  de dios(sp.):"a zeului/a lui Dumnezeu" se de dios hora (lat.):"este timpul de la Zeu"      ;        suis de dios hora/lat:"timpul tău de la Dumnezeu" se de dios hora :"este timpul zeului/lui Dumnezeu";  su de dios hora/sp:" al tău (acum) timpul lui Dumnezeu"                                         ÎNŢELES? Acum ţi-(a venit) timpul,(sunat) ceasul,timpul (să treci) la zeu,nu mai este timpul vieţii tale ci este timpul lui Dumnezeu,veşnicia după ...=MOARTE LA HORA DE DIOS..Quien esta dirigiendo tu vida? - La Esquina ... Autor: admin; Archivado bajo: LA HORA DE DIOS; Fecha: Mar 8,2008 ... no es alguien que nos lastimó o que se marchó, sino Dios y su propósito para nosotros. ... laesquinadominicana.com/?p=360 automatically translated from Spanish. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://laesquinadominicana.com/%3Fp%3D360&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=7&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dse%2Bde%2Bdios%2Bhora%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX (LA) HORA DE DIOS:"(THE) TIME OF GOD" (TIMPul LUI DUMNEZEU) sau:                                                                                                  HR                                   S S                                                                                                                                                                               D D o s hora         seus/ZeuS          de deos/de dios timp          Zeus                al lui Zeus/de la zei Este posibil să fi găsit dovada unei vechimi apreciabile a plăcuţei,cel puţin d.p.d.v. lingvistic.Pentru că prezenţa unui grup de litere de factura "DDOO" sau "DDOS"  ma intrigat mult,fiind în primul rînd greu să găsesc cuvinte în care să conţină aceste litere.Însă perseverînd,am găsit cuvinte apropiate de formele incipiente ale limbii Indo-Europene,forme necunoscute de mine şi găsite în studii de specialitate.Este vorba printre altele,şi cu titlu de exemplu de verbul " a da".După cîte am înţeles,forma PIE pentru "a face" este *dou/*dedo /*dhedhô şi are ca forme particulare pentru diferite timpuri,persoane şi conjugări forme de genul:DEDOu,DEDOs,dar eu recunosc sincer,habar nu am cum se traduce în romîneşte un verb la forma preterit la o anumită persoană;dar o să mă documentez.Din http://www.google.ro/search?hl=en&safe=active&defl=en&q=define:preterite&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title <<The preterite (also praeterite, in American English also preterit, or past historic) is the grammatical tense expressing actions which took place in the past. It is similar to the aorist in languages such as Greek.>>                                                                                                                                                                                                              Deci putem avea în dreapta sus (Q2)Se/Su/ses,sus  DEDOU/DEDOuS :"este,din/ţie/propriu al tău DAT,FĂCUT"?,iar în stînga sus(Q3) CHARA,HAR (sau asemănător):tot dat,dăruit,"DAR".Care este explicaţia că scrie ceva asemănător? Ar putea fi:                                                                                                               -Cunoaştere de către cel care scrie a 2 forme,uzitate într-un anumit areal sau a 2 forme dialectale                                                                                             --Semnificaţie diferită.Şi la ora actuală "har" nu este identic cu "dar" (har înseamnă/include şi dar,însă dar nu înseamnă/include şi har!) Din Etudes de morphologie historique du verbe latin et indo-européen - Google Books Result by Herman Seldeslachts - 2001 - Literary Criticism - 197 pages http://books.google.ro/books?id=MoktkF7A1zcC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=indo-european+latin+dedo+&source=web&ots=gezqV6gQRw&sig=wybpwGUqUoiBMzbBGpk5DKWnhtc&hl=en#PPA11,M1 Indo-European languages                                                                                                                          << (Grammar, Comparative, Latin.1. L’origine du parfait lain en –v-/-u-...                                 pag.9: 2.Latin (g)novi et ved. jajnau (cf.dadau tasthau,etc)……. notre discussion de facere, où nous envisageons une explication à partir de *dedo ou *dhedhô. ... ..la racine *DOU:”DONER”(cf. ved dadau)…..av.3-e p. sg. :”il a cree”,got:”saiso”….. pag.29:les raciness proto indo-eurpeenes de la... singulier les voyelles du thème et de la désinence se trouvaient en contact, ce qui a entrainé une contraction, par exemple t1e p. sg.1 * 'dhe-dhoh –h2e (*dhe-dhoh1-h2a) ..>> *dhe-dho………..comment expliquer la desinence vedique –au,ou le -u fonctionne come un son de transition entre l’ancien *-o… *ou- .......pag.36: la racine *deh3-:”doner” >> Din Sanskrit dehi:"give" http://www.jstor.org/pss/411462                                                                                         <<de-hi(skrt):"(a) da" ;aorist *da-ha << da-dhi (skrt):"give/da" >>   Din The Science of language by Muller http://books.google.ro/books?id=6iv5ZTI720kC&pg=PA344&lpg=PA344&dq=greek+grammar+to+give+didosi&source=web&ots=D2iuaJ4QcQ&sig=EcgOOJ_vg5xhWI-kE5i8zp-VC7k&hl=en  << da(skrt):a da"; dha(skrt)"a pune"(plasa);dadati(skrt)=DIDOSi(gr.):"el DĂ" >>  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (Su) DEDOU (PIE)  / Su DIDOSi (gr.) /    Su DEDOU (gr.):    "DAT" (ţie)"        /"el îţi DĂ ţie     /  "ŢIE (îţi?) VA DA" ? !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Am mai găsit în spaniolă DEDOS:"degete",dar şi în latină DEDO:"(a fi)devotat(ă) ",însă nu ştiu pe moment cum ar putea intra în context asemenea accepţii.Deasemenea ,acest cuvînt ar trebui să aparţină tot familiei "a da",dar nu văd cum. Acceţia în latină "(a te) preda",o văd ca "a te da"(ex.pe mîna sorţii,duşmanului)   DinDedohttp://www.babylon.com/definition/dedo/dedo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                << Dedo JM Latin English Dictionary V TRANS  give up/in| surrender; abandon/consign/DEVOTE (to); yield| hand/deliver over                                                                                                                         Dedo A Spanish -> English Dictionary (Granada University, Spain), 7.7 = finger. Ex: He then began to tap his fingers nervously on the desk. ---- * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!. * con dedos pegajosos = sticky-fingered. * cruzar los dedos = cross + fingers. * dedo del pie = toe. * dedo gordo del pie, el = big toe, the. * dedo índice = index finger. * doblar el dedo = curl up + finger. * empujar ligeramente con el dedo o un instrumento = poke. * golpear ligeramente la punta de los dedos en sucesión sobre una superficie = tap + fingers. * nombrado a dedo = handpicked. * nombrar a dedo = handpick. * Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre. * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious. * poner el dedo en la llaga = hit + a raw nerve, touch on + raw nerve, hit + the nail on the head, strike + home, strike + a nerve. * repiquetear con los dedos = drum with + fingers. * tocado con púa o dedos = plucked. * venir como anillo al dedo = be right up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea. >> Deasemenea,cîteva cuvinte din dicţionarul următor ar putea fi de interes,în sensul că ar putea aparţine de ex. cadranului Q2 care conţine literele HD/HR? Din Greek vocabulary http://www.geocities.com/pfonck/vocabulary.html << o(do/j, o(dou=, h(, road, way, journey) xa/rij, xa/ritoj, h(, grace, favour, gratitude    sw/|zw, sw/sw, e)/swsa, se/swka, se/swsmai or se/swmai, e)sw/qhn, to save     swth/r, swth=roj, o(  (voc. sw=ter), saviour e)xqro/j, e)xqra/, e)xqro/n, hated, hostile; enemy i(ereu/j, i(ere/wj, o(, priest kale/w, kale/sw, e)ka/lesa, ke/klhka, ke/klhmai, e)klh/qhn, to call kairo/j, kairou=, o(, time, right time, right moment  di/dwmi, dw/sw, e)/dwka, de/dwka, de/domai, e)do/qhn, to give       doke/w, do/cw, e)/doca, -, de/dogmai, -e)do/xqhn / e)dokh/qhn , to seem, think du/namai, dunh/somai, -, -, dedu/nhmai, e)dunh/qhn , to be able     ai)/rw, a)rw=, h]ra, h]rka, h]rmai, h)/rqhn, to lift, raise up; (with reflexive pronoun) to get up; (intrans.) to get under way, set out >> His airy and fabulous account of the Indo-Scythian empire, which he drew from the ...   DinFull text of "History of the European languages; or, Researches ... www.archive.org/stream/.../historyofeuropea02murr_djvu.txt     “the ancient preterite dedoc, shown j whence doc-o, ...... His airy and fabulous account of the Indo-Scythian empire, which he drew from the ...”   D E D O K : " A R Ă T A T "   Din  PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TONES? 1. Classical Indo-Europeanists assumed ... http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:pFxkhCOM8wwJ:https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/1887/1/344_056.pdf+proto+indo-european+roots+to+give+given&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=ro  <<Ist sg. dah and 3rd da:"gave" (dat)                                                                                        sg. da 'gave' DUOS,DUOSIU(lith.):"will give/(va,voi) da">>  De interes,şi cu titlu documentar, Din  DE NUEVO SOBRE EL CONCEPTO ETIMOLÓGICO DE DERECHO 2.3. From Latin to Indo-. european. 2.4. The Proto-indo-european root. 2.5. ...... Merrit Ruhlen *tik en la protolengua, que significa “dedo índice” (de ahí ... www.uhu.es/derechoyconocimiento/DyC01/B03.pdf                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <<La raíz indoeuropea que puede reconstruirse -gracias a la teoría laringalista que arriba se ha seguido- es*HieH  “unir”. De ahí proceden, entre otras palabras:                                                         1) Con diferentes sufijos, las palabras que tienen el matiz de “unir al preparar la comida”: en grado pleno (*ieH-) el sustantivo griego z mós ( µ ) (de donde el español zumo) “salsa, caldo,sopa”; en grado cero (*iH-) los sustantivos griegos z thos ( , sinónimo delanterior) y zým ( µ )“levadura, fermento”, el sánscrito y “sopa” y el latino i s “jugo, salsa, caldo”. 2) Con sufijo gutural g-: a) En grado pleno-cero (*ieHg) el sánscrito yóga “unión” (de donde el español yoga) y el griego zeûgos ( )“yugo” y zeûgma ( µ )“vínculo” (de donde el español zeugma). En grado cero-cero (*iHg) el sánscrito yugam, griego zygón ( ), latíniugum y gótico juk, todos ellos “yugo, yunta”;  también el verbo griego zygó ( ) “unir” y el adjetivo zyg tós ( ) “uncido” (de donde el español cigoto); y la preposición latina iuxta “junto a”.                          b) Añadiendo el infijo nasal hallamos el verbo latino iung “unir”, de donde con los sufijos -t(e)u/-to/-t(e)i (que produce el ensordecimiento de la gutural) los sustantivos iuncti y iunct ra, el adjetivo iunctus o el adverbioiunctim.                                                                                                                                                                 c) También en latín con el prefijo con- (cf. preposición cum), tenemos los sustantivos c niux “cónyuge” y c niugium“unión, matrimonio”, verbo c niug “unir, casar”, adjetivo c niug lis “conyu-gal”.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   d) A la vez, con el prefijo con- y el infijo -n- encontramos el verbo c niung , los sustantivos c -  niuncti y c niunx, el adjetivo c niunctus, los adverbios c niunct y c niunctim.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             3) Con el sufijo -s, la raíz *ieHs produce:a) Algunos nombres de la “sopa” ya vistos (sánscrito y , latín i s). Cf. Segura , o.c., p.387.  Cf. Rodríguez Adrados, Estudios sobre las sonantes, o.c., pp.416-417. Las raíces indoeuropeas podían ir precedidas de una s- (vgr. *teg/steg “cubrir” ) o de una laringal (vgr. *HuerH1  /uerH “hablar” ) que a veces se indica entre paréntesis. En cuanto a la i-, actúa como semiconsonante. Podría, pues, escribirse *(H)yeH.        Rodríguez Adrados, ibídem, no llega a afirmar taxativamente (dice “quizá” ) que sean la misma raíz la de “unir” y la de “unir al preparar la comida”, pero son completamente homófonas y el significado muy próximo (más aún: el segundo es una especificación del primero).Roberts y Pastor, o.c., p.197, hablan de una raíz *yeug.    La reconstrucción tradicional de estas palabras era *yugom (cf. Szemerényi, o.c., p.59).  Jesús Bogarín Díaz    b) Palabras con el sentido de “ceñir”: griego z n (, de *z s-n ) “cinturón, ceñidor”, z ma ( µ , de *z s-ma) “ceñidor, taparrabos”, z st r y z stron “cinto” y los verbos z nnymi (µ) y z nný ( )“poner faja, ceñir”   c) El vocabulario típicamente jurídico: los sustantivos para “derecho” en latín (i s), avéstico (yaož) y sánscrito (yos) y (con rotacismo, esto es, paso de -s- intervocálica a -r-) el verbo latino i r “jurar” . Con el sufijo -t-o, resulta i stus“el que actualiza la noción de i s”, o sea, “el que observa el derecho”, de donde “justo, recto”, palabra de la que deriva a su vez el sustantivo i stitia“justicia”  .No condivido, por tanto, la interpretación de Bucci que reconstruye un indoeuropeo *yeus con el sentido de “derecho como purificación”, de donde luego “salud y salvación” y a partir de ahí “fórmula portafortuna”  . Hay que mantener que el sentido originario es el de unión. El i s es el derecho como instrumento que mantiene unida la sociedad.  El sustantivo i s sirve de compuesto a diversas palabrascomo las que dan nombre a la ciencia del Derecho: i rispr dentia y i rispertia. La primera se compone del genitivo i ris más el nominativo pr dentia (“prudencia del derecho”), éste a su vez contracción del vocablo sincopado prou(i)dentia “previsión” (raíz indoeuropea*ueid “ver” ). La segunda se compone de i ris-pertia (“pericia del derecho” ), de pertia“experiencia” (raíz indoeuropea *per “intentar”). Atendiendo a sus respecti- Roberts y Pastor, o.c., p.198, postulan para estas palabras una raíz *y s. De otra parte, la voz n.472 del vocabulario nostrático de Bomhard y Kerns (o.c., p.598) es *ya -/*y  “totie, to bind, to gird” y en ella se incluyen, entre otras, estas palabras griegas de “cinturón; ceñir”. El agudo intento del que Teodoro Ignacio Jiménez Urresti (De la Teología a la Canonística, Salamanca 1993, p.109) se hace eco de hacer derivar derecho y ius de la misma raíz (rj, que por inversión daría jr, de donde jure, ablativo de jus) no se sostiene, no ya desde una reconstrucción científica del indoeuropeo, sino ni siquiera desde la fonética latina, para la que es evidente que la r de iure, como la del verbo iuro, proviene de rotacismo de la -s- intervocálica (cf. Montreil, o.c., pp.78-79). Raimundo de Miguel, Nuevo Diccionario Latino-Español Etimológico, 11ª ed., Madrid 2000 (=1897), p.504, afirma que jus “derecho” proviene de jubeo “mandar”. A ello hay que objetar: primero que los usos jurídicos de iubeo (vgr. legem iubere “votar una ley”, tribunos iubere “nombrar los tribunos”, provinciam iubere “asignar el gobierno de una provincia”, populus iussit “el pueblo ordenó” ) proceden de un sentido de voluntad que en iubeo es secundario respecto al de deseo (cf. Segura , o.c., p.384) y desde luego no se ve el significado de “unión”; segundo, que no parece probado que el étimo de  iubeo (*yeudh, cf. Montreil, o.c., p.353) esté emparentado fonéticamente con el de ius; tercero, que, de estarlo, serían el resultado de distintos alargamientos de la raíz (*ieHs/*ieHdh) sin que una palabra procediera de la otra. Para ius,Roberts y Pastor, o.c., pp.197-198, postulan una raíz *yewes. La etimología popular relacionó i scon el nombre del gran dios Júpiter (acusativo Iouem, genitivo Iouis, raíz *deiH), y,según Monteil (o.c., pp.124-125) ésta es la explicación de que en una de las más antiguas inscripciones latinas, la Piedra Negra del Foro (siglo V a.C.), aparezca la forma iouestod (en latín clásico i st ), cuando los indoeuropeístas comparando el latín i s y el sánscrito yóh reconstruyen un origen *ieus-to- para i s-tu-s. La idea de que el Derecho debe basarse en la justicia llevó al jurista Ulpiano a hacer derivar ius de iustitia (Digestum 1,1,1,pr.), cuando léxicamente es patente que iustitia es la cualidad del iustus o de lo iustum, esto es, lo ajustado al ius.“Per una storia…”, l.c., p.265.Cf. Ulpiano en Digestum 1,1,10,2: “iurisprudentia est diuinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque iniusti scientia”. Cf. Roberts y Pastor, o.c., p.131, donde es la tercera de cinco raíces homófonas. Probablemente la i larga en latín se explique por una raíz sufijada *perH iaunque Rodríguez Adrados no la recoge en Estudios sobre las sonantes, cit. De nuevo sobre el concepto etimológico de derecho vos étimos, el i rispr dens (pr dens, de prouidens, “que prevé” ) sería un teórico mientras el i rispertus (de pertus “experimentado” ) sería un conocedor práctico. No obstante el empleo común los hace sinónimos referido a la ciencia y a los profesionales (otra cosa es la jurisprudencia como “doctrina de los tribunales” ). Otro compuesto que no ha dejado huella en español es i stitium“suspensión de los tribunales” (-stitium, de *steH como en solstitium).Añadiendo a i s la raíz *deik (“señalar” ), tenemos una gran variedad de compuestos resultantes, como los sustantivos i dex, i dicium, i dic ti , i dic trix, los adjetivos i dici lis y i dici rius y el verbo i dic ; o partiendo del genitivo i ris, el sustantivo i risdicti y los adjetivos i ridici lis y i ridicus.  Este último, etimológicamente “indicador del derecho”, parece hacer alusión a la actividad solemne de decir, definir o decidir cuál sea el derecho, pero a diferencia del resto de las recién citadas voces compuestas de sus dos mismas raíces, se ha insertado en un campo semántico referido no a la autoridad pública sino a la doctrina: “ajustado al derecho según los jurisperitos o jurisconsultos” (no según los jueces o magistrados). De ahí que pasase a significar “que atañe al derecho”.                                          OTROS VOCABLOS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               4.1. Alianza, obligación                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             La palabra española alianza, documentada hacia 1460, se formó a partir del verbo aliar, atestiguado hacia 1375, procedente dellatín allig re por intermedio del francés antiguo alleier (moderno allier). Ahí está el origen también del verbo castellano alear y el sustantivo aleación, ambos de 1604, y de finales del siglo XVI el sustantivo ley con el significado de “calidad de los metales una vez hecha la aleación” ( del francés antiguo alei, hoy aloi), voz homófona de ley “regla, norma” (de l x).Si partimos, por tanto, del verbo latino allig (de ad-lig ) “atar a algo”, el vocablo alianza por su morfema léxico de participio presente sustantivado (-nza del latino –ntia), tiene un sentido activo: la cuerda que ata a alguien a algo. De ahí que signifique originariamente el instrumento o medio que une unas personas a otras, esto es, un acuerdo o pacto. Derivativamente puede pasar a denotar el estado resultante de unión o coaligación y también el conjunto mismo de los unidos o aliados.En la Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, tomo 28, 2ª parte ( Madrid 1926), la voz “Jurispericia” remite a “Jurisprudencia” (p.3229), mientras la voz “Jurisprudente” remite a “Jurisperito” (p.3231). Debe añadirse jurisconsulto, del latín i risc nsultus, de c nsultus (participio de c nsul “deliberar” ), que sugiere una tarea aún más teórica que el jurisprudente, y que en expresión analítica se dice iure c nsultus “versado en derecho” (en cambio, i s c nsulere “consultar el derecho” da una idea más práctica de “obtener un dictamen” ). De las tres voces, jurisconsulto está atestiguado en castellano  hacia 1450,jurisperito en 1490 y jurisprudente en 1734 (cf. Segura , o.c., p.386). Para quienes se han atrevido a ir más allá de las macrofamilias <span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: T  ---- Din Latin Wordlist: O www.nd.edu/~archives/ooo.htm << orior oriri ortus : rise, become visible, appear. orior : to be born / to be a consequence or result of something. orior : rise, become visible, appear ...>>a răsări,a se naşte,ridica,înălţa !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! HAR SU DIDOS(PIE):"dă,DAR   TU/BINE   VA DA" >>>"DAR ţie/BINE VA DA" Atenţie !: har în hitită înseamnă a da,deci probabil dat,dar,iar în greacă la origine înseamnă dar,hari în greceşte înseamnă bine (ex. hario!:"să fii bine!"),astfel în stînga avem exact conţinutul din dreapta,unde în dreapta avem su(PIE,hit.,sum.,akk) "bine" şi didos,didosi/dedou(gr):"tu dai","dă"/"va da" Hora/(HRistou?) se/su dedou hari/hario/hora(gr.):"aceasta,ţie (îţi) VA DA  fericire,bine/să fii bine ( în acest)TIMP,acum  ; sau: HRistou?...................(gr.):" HRistos âţi va da" sau : khora swsu/(sos?) didos/dedou(gr.):"cuprinsul, pământul, ţara tu dai /(ţie îţi) VA DA"  swsu/(sos?)  dedou HAR/hari DEDOU (gr.): "ţie (acest) FARMEC,DAR,(dă) fericire VA DA,a SALVA" (hora?)/swsw HRistos DEDOU (gr.):"HRistos (ţie îţi) VA DA,(te va)a SALVA (acum?)" Hora suis/sus/seus/sous orior os(latin):"acum,TIMPul tău de a (te) ridica (la cer)" :"(timpul să de a se ridica (la cer)"."TIMPul tău de a (te) ridica,ÎNĂLŢA (din) OASE (la cer)" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Atenţie:kairo(gr.):"timpul ptrivit"; airo,hra(gr.):"ridicare,înălţare";era(gr.):"pământ",aşa încît era "hra/airo kairo",ar fi:"timpul potrivit -înălţare -(de la) pămînt" Observaţie personală: Din http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=deudos <<deudos(sp.):"rude">>.Părerea mea este că în trecut ar fi fost posibil ca acest deudos să fi avut un înţeles şi sens mai larg,şi anume de "toate rudele tale"="popor" >>>teutos,tautos,tauta:"popor" toutous/touto-su(gr.)"asemenea ţie" În această "gravă" situaţie,am avea :su deudos hora:"timpul din popor"/"timpul poporului tău"........şi aşa cum spunea prof.Andis Kaulins,scrisul nu este inventat de Toutos/Toth/Tehuti,ci de Tautas/Toutos,de către oameni. Din [PDF] THE GERMANIC WEAK PRETERIT by Frederik Kortlandt https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/bitstream/1887/1906/1/344_076.pdf                                        <<The verb 'to do' has three different pretent stems m Germanic *dud- inOE dyde , *ded- in OS deda ,OHG teta , and *ded- m OSdädun , OHG tatun. While *de- is evidently the reduplication syllable, the root forms *de- and *du- must be denved from the root aonst, cf Vedic ädliät, ädhur 'he, they put' The coexistence of a perfect stem *dedö- ancl an aorist stem *de- is corroborated by 2nd sg endings OHG -ös, OS -0s and Go -es, OE OS -es .Thus, l think that OS DEDOS and -des represent the perfect and the aorist of the verb 'to do', respectively. >> Din Graeco-Roman Marriage Papyri http://www.tabs-online.com/Brewer/MarriagePapyri/1Cor_7a.htm                             << xwri/zw:"separa,împărţi">>                                                                                     Atunci am putea avea:                                                           HR                        Z                                                                                                                                   ......................DDOS (DDOU?) Horizo Hora   didos/dedou :" tu dai/va da împărţirea timpului"  germanic  ded.os:"dat"? ################################################################## se,su,isos               ,Seus?         didos   Kho.ra : "este,tu,egal?ZEUS!=Zeu,Dumnezeu? dai     pământ,ŢARA" Din Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide - Rezultate Google Books de Abdul Jamil Khanhttp://books.google.ro/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=greek+language+didomi+didos&source=web&ots=6IaB-v1pHh&sig=pPFgD3cDqwswcRw8yvZGueShQJU&hl=ro&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA117,M1 didos(gr.): ”you give”/ ” tu dai ”  ZEUS,TU DAI PĂMÎNTUL=ŢARA ################################################################## Din Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide - Rezultate Google Books de Abdul Jamil Khanhttp://books.google.ro/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=greek+language+didomi+didos&source=web&ots=6IaB-v1pHh&sig=pPFgD3cDqwswcRw8yvZGueShQJU&hl=ro&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA117,M1 Greek: didos>”you give”/”tu dai”  Bîlbîiala de care vorbeam,poate suna aşa: DJED(stilp,bază,fundament)>>DJEDU(omul bătrîn=baza,stîlpul familiei)>>DEDOU:"va da",apoi:                                                                                                                DjEDOS(bătrân)<>DEDOS(dat?)<>DIDOSI("el dă")<>DE DEOS:"de la/despre/dinspre zeu"<>DE DIOS(“a lui Dumnezeu”)<>DEUDOS(“rude”) ...............dedos(sp.):degetele(=de la Dumnezeu date),posibil tate sînt legate prin rădăcina DED:"a da" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- D O C U M E N T A R E DinIndo-European Lexicon Pokorny PIE Data http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/PokornyMaster.html#P0362  183-87 1: dei-, dei̯ə-, dī-, di̯ā- to glitter, shine; day, sun; God 223-26 dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- to give 226 dous- arm 181-83 de-, do- I-deictic; here 183 dē- : də-, and dēi-, dī- to bind, tie 175-79 dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī̆- 3: del- to divide, share 272 dhō[u]- : dhū- rope?  Din Old Church Slavonic Online Base Form Dictionary Jonathan Slocum and Todd B. Krause http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ocsol-BF.html  “                                                                       <da>   in order to, that; may, let; and, then     [Pokorny de-, do- :: I-deictic; here]   --                                                                                                                                                 <dati, damĭ, dasi>   give     [Pokorny dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- :: to give]   --                                                                                                                                                         <dajati, dajǫ, daješi>   give     [Pokorny dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- :: to give]   --                                                                                                                                           <duša>   soul     [Pokorny dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s- :: to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.]   -- “                                                                                                           Din Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans Calvert Watkins http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html                                                                                                                          <<……the root d -, “to give,” is contracted from older*do 3-, with “o-coloring” from *de 3-; and the root dh -, “to set, put,” is contracted from older *dhe 1-, without coloring.>> Din JSTOR: Some Verb-Forms in Germanic http:// links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-8232(191606)14%3A2%3C121%3ASVIG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 <<WEST GERMANIC deda 'DID' For WG. deda 'did' the most satisfactory explanation ... to the above are 1st and 3d sing. deda, -e, 2d sing. dedos (older *dedos), ...>> Din The Origin of the Germanic Dental Preterit: A Critical Research ... by Guy A. J. Tops - 1974 - Germanic languages - Google Books Result http:// books.google.ro/books?isbn=9004038728... <<OS deda, dedos, deda). Old English, Old Norse and some other Old Saxon forms kept the ... later *ded-iz *ded-e/5 *did-um *ded-ud *ded-un Gothic was the only ...>> Din trps_171 167..206 www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-968X.2006.00171.x <<Secondly, and. Table 2. Goth. weak past (default). OS ‘did’. OHG ‘did’. Indic. 1sg. -da.deda. teta. 2sg. -d es. dedos. [t ati]. 3sg. -da. deda ...>> The English language by Robert Gordon Latham http://books.google.ro/books?id=TF0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=+old+saxon+dedos+&source=web&ots=hVcMqG6Qud&sig=qnw3ah2YF1l8Rl08AkNV8lN34E4&hl=en <<DO I doubt whether the praeterite did, as equivalent to valebat = was good for, is correct. ... Against it are the Old Saxon dedos, and the Anglo-Saxon dydest, ... …….In respect of do=facio,difficulties present themselves.                                                                                                                                                                                    Is the word weak!-This is the wiew that arises from the word did.The particilple done travers this wiew.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Din Merriam-Webster's Spanish-English Dictionary http://books.google.ro/books?id=1ygSThNA1-MC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=webster+dados&source=web&ots=igVEw1ybdB&sig=aJeL2Xq-DCT2y8R6colH052EqE8&hl=en                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <<Dado,dada(sp.):”dat,dată”                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Dados(sp.):”date” (banca de dados=banca de date),şi mai înseamnă şi „zar”(probabil fiindcă se „dă” cu el?) >>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   data [ˈdeitə, daːtə] noun plural; French: données Finnish: tieto, tiedot Portuguese (): dados Romanian: date SE?SU?SE SU? SUIS?SEUS?  acesta/este/tău/acesta este al tău                          este timpul tău? adică ia venit timpul,sau i s-a scurs timpul,ia "sunat" ceasul >>moarte?? DADOS HORA: "dat timpul" ;"DADOS HORAE":"DATE ANOTIMPURILE" ;date timpurile?(solar şi lunar) DE DOS,DA DOS :"din două"?; "aici două" +DE DIOS(sp.)"a lui Dumnezeu"